Core

Setup for disabling cache should be:

$GLOBALS['TYPO3_CONF_VARS']['SYS']['caching']['cacheConfigurations']['cache_core']['backend'] = '\TYPO3\CMS\Core\Cache\Backend\NullBackend';
$GLOBALS['TYPO3_CONF_VARS']['SYS']['caching']['cacheConfigurations']['cache_classes']['backend'] = '\TYPO3\CMS\Core\Cache\Backend\TransientMemoryBackend';

To disable specific parts of cache_core, you can write your own Backend and ignore set for this.
Here is an example Backend to disable ext_localconf and ext_tables Cache:

<?php

namespace VENDOR\ExtName\Cache\Backend;

/**
 * A simple backend for "cache_core" 
 *
 * @author Daniel Siepmann <daniel.siepmann@typo3.org>
 */
class CoreBackend extends \TYPO3\CMS\Core\Cache\Backend\SimpleFileBackend {

    protected $disabledCaches = array();

    /**
     * Saves data in a cache file.
     *
     * @param string $entryIdentifier An identifier for this specific cache entry
     * @param string $data The data to be stored
     * @param array $tags Tags to associate with this cache entry
     * @param integer $lifetime Lifetime of this cache entry in seconds. If NULL is specified, the default lifetime is used. "0" means unlimited lifetime.
     * @return void
     * @throws \TYPO3\CMS\Core\Cache\Exception if the directory does not exist or is not writable or exceeds the maximum allowed path length, or if no cache frontend has been set.
     * @throws \TYPO3\CMS\Core\Cache\Exception\InvalidDataException if the data to bes stored is not a string.
     * @throws \InvalidArgumentException
     */
    public function set($entryIdentifier, $data, array $tags = array(), $lifetime = NULL) {
        do {
            if (empty( $this->disabledCaches )) {
                continue;
            }
            foreach ($this->disabledCaches as $identifierPrefix) {
                if (strpos( $entryIdentifier, $identifierPrefix ) === 0) {
                    return;
                }
            }

        } while( false );
        parent::set($entryIdentifier, $data, $tags, $lifetime);
    }

    public function setDisableForIdentifierPrefixes( array $prefixesForDisablingCache ) {
        $this->disabledCaches = $prefixesForDisablingCache;
        return $this;
    }

}

?>

Add this Backend to your Extensions and configure it inside your AdditionalConfiguration.php:

    // Setup our custom Cache Backend for early bootstrap.
    TYPO3\CMS\Core\Core\Bootstrap::getInstance()->getEarlyInstance( 'TYPO3\CMS\Core\Core\ClassLoader' )
        ->setRuntimeClassLoadingInformationFromAutoloadRegistry(array(
            'VENDOR\ExtName\Cache\Backend\CoreBackend' => PATH_site . 'typo3conf/ext/ext_key/Classes/Cache/Backend/CoreBackend.php',
        )
    );

    $GLOBALS['TYPO3_CONF_VARS']['SYS']['caching']['cacheConfigurations']['cache_core']['backend'] = 'VENDOR\ExtName\Cache\Backend\CoreBackend';
    $GLOBALS['TYPO3_CONF_VARS']['SYS']['caching']['cacheConfigurations']['cache_core']['options'] = array(
        'disableForIdentifierPrefixes' => array(
            'ext_localconf',
            'ext_tables',
        )
    );

Replace ExtName and VENDOR.

You can configure all existing prefixes inside the options and disable all specific parts of cache_core.

A teammate points me to the solution using the lifetime. Just set it to 1. So each cache will be invalid as soon as he will be fetched again.

The only negative part is the write part. Because every cache entry will be written even as he will never be used.